Representation of Ethnicity / Race

This would be the medias representation of a person believing in Islam. The strips of paper across his face connote to terrorist acts such as 9/11 which have a relation to an extreme Islamic movement. Therefore the extreme movements represent everybody else that believe in the religion.

The stereotype of photo 1 is the representation of a Muslim belly dancer and the stereotype of photo 2 is the representation of a hispanic woman. This form of media is used to reverse psychologise the viewers of the photo to stop making stereotypes of people. 

Caricature - Over exaggeration of Stereotypes 

A stereotype is a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.

An archetype is a very typical example of a certain person or thing.

Hegemony is leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others.

Ethnicity is a population group whose members identify with each other on the basis of common nationality or shared cultural traditions. Ethnicity connotes shared cultural traits and a shared group history.

Race refers to the concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of physical characteristics.

The difference between ethnicity and race is that they separate groups in different ways. Ethnicity identifies groups through nationality or cultural traditions while race identifies groups through physical traits.

Alvarado's race theory (1978) - 4 key themes in racial representation:

1. Exotic
2. Dangerous
3. Humorous
4. Pitied

The Kumars would match to the humorous theme from Alvarado's race theory.

Tokenism is the practice of making only a perfunctory or symbolic effort1 to do a particular thing, especially by recruiting a small number of people from under-represented groups in order to give the appearance of sexual or racial equality within a workforce.

This would be an example of creating moral panic since it identifies the islamic religion as murderous which would generate a hatred towards the religion from the viewers of this media text. 

Stuart Hall - Encoding and Decoding is an approach of how media messages are produced, disseminated, and interpreted.

The model includes:

(Encoding) Preferred or Dominant Reading = the way the producer of a text intended the text to be understood. 

(Decoding) Oppositional Reading = where the preferred or dominant meaning is recognised but rejected for cultural or political reasons.

Negotiated Reading = where the reader agrees with elements of the text, but not all.

For example, Michael McIntyre tells a joke with the intention to create humour. However, this could

have been decoded as offensive by some audience.

This would be an example of islamophobia since the banner held states "all i need to know about

islam, I learned on 9/11". This means that the person holding the banner believes that all Muslims

commit terrorist acts. 

Eastern Europeans are represented as cheap labour through television shows such as Eastenders, 

who works at a corner shop.